How Low Should You Go? Is Very Low LDL-C Safe?
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How Low Should You Go? Is Very Low LDL-C Safe?

Connie B. Newman, MD, MACP, FAHA, FAMWA; Seth Shay Martin, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA, FASPC

Disclosures

December 01, 2023

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As clinicians, we know that lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with statins alone or in combination with nonstatin therapies such as a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor (eg, alirocumab, evolocumab) provides cardiovascular (CV) benefit. Patients on combination lipid-lowering therapy commonly present with LDL-C levels < 25 mg/dL (< 0.6465 mmol/L), and in clinical trials, extremely low LDL-C (< 10 mg/dL [< 0.2586 mmol/L]) has been observed. These findings have led many clinicians to question whether very low LDL-C affects formation of cell membranes, vitamin synthesis, and production of adrenal hormones.

To address the safety of very low LDL-C (defined in this article as < 25 mg/dL [< 0.6465 mmol/L]), we will review the challenges of obtaining an accurate LDL-C estimate; cholesterol metabolism; effects of low LDL-C concentrations in cord blood; genetic mutations associated with low LDL-C; study data on the effects of statins and PCSK9 inhibitors on adrenal steroids, gonadal steroids, and vitamin levels; and adverse event reporting in participants with low LDL-C in randomized controlled trials.

Obtaining an Accurate LDL-C Estimate

The challenges of accurately estimating LDL-C add to the complexity of assessing the safety of very low LDL-C levels. In some patients, the commonly used Friedewald equation underestimates the actual LDL-C level. Although it has been well established that the Friedewald equation has unacceptable accuracy in patients with triglyceride (TG) levels ≥ 400 mg/dL (≥ 10.344 mmol/L), a study by Martin and colleagues found significant inaccuracies at much lower levels (eg, TG levels of 150-399 mg/dL [3.879-10.318 mmol/L]). The study found that Friedewald equation–estimated LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL (< 1.8102 mmol/L) may be inaccurate in patients with TG levels ≥ 150 mg/dL (≥ 3.879 mmol/L). In about 40% of patients with TG levels of 150-199 mg/dL (3.879-10.318 mmol/L) and 59% of those with TG levels of 200-399 mg/dL (5.172-10.318 mmol/L), the actual LDL-C level may be ≥ 70 mg/dL (≥ 1.8102 mmol/L). A major concern with underestimating LDL-C is that it could lead to withholding CV risk-reducing statin and nonstatin therapies in vulnerable patients.

One way to estimate LDL-C more accurately is to shift from a one-size-fits-all equation to a tailored one. Though more than 20 other equations have been proposed, Seth Shay Martin, MD, MHS (co-author of this article), developed a new equation, the Martin-Hopkins equation, which provides the best accuracy according to head-to-head comparisons and is recommended by guidelines around the globe. [Editor's note: Please refer to the following guidelines: 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines; Quantifying Atherogenic Lipoproteins for Lipid-lowering Strategies: Consensus-based Recommendations from EAS and EFLM; World Heart Federation Cholesterol Roadmap 2022; Lipid Measurements in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases: Practical Recommendations a Scientific Statement from the National Lipid Association Writing Group.]

The Martin-Hopkins equation can be easily implemented in laboratory systems; this has already been done at individual institutions and companies, such as Johns Hopkins and Quest Diagnostics, and by entire countries, such as Brazil. There are no intellectual property restrictions or fees associated with use of the Martin-Hopkins equation.

Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism

One concern with very low LDL-C levels is that they could result in a lack of available cholesterol needed for synthesizing cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids (necessary for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine). These concerns, however, are misplaced because evidence has shown that low cholesterol levels trigger cellular pathways that lead to increased cholesterol synthesis.

The liver synthesizes and secretes very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which carries TGs and fat-soluble vitamins to various tissues. The LDL particle is formed in the circulation by hydrolysis of TGs in VLDL, by lipoprotein lipase. The LDL particle may be removed from the blood by the hepatic LDL receptor or may enter the vascular endothelium, where it is the precursor of the atherosclerotic plaque.

LDL that is bound to the LDL receptor enters the hepatocyte and is transported to lysosomes, where cholesteryl ester (within the LDL particle) is hydrolyzed, releasing cholesterol for physiologic needs and recycling the LDL receptor. Statins act in the liver to inhibit 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, thus upregulating LDL receptors and thereby reducing plasma levels of LDL-C. The LDL receptor on the surface of the hepatocyte may also bind to the protein PCSK9, which directs the LDL receptor to the lysosome, where it is degraded, leading to reduction in LDL receptors and increased plasma LDL-C. Medications that inhibit the action of PCSK9 (monoclonal antibodies to PCSK9) or reduce its synthesis through genetic mechanisms (inclisiran) reduce plasma LDL-C.

LDL-C Levels in Cord Blood

Other evidence for the safety of very low LDL-C comes from studies of cord blood. These studies have found low LDL-C levels in cord blood that increase within a few days after birth, showing that very low LDL-C in the placenta and umbilical cord are compatible with fetal growth in late pregnancy. In 36 control cord blood samples, mean LDL-C (± SD) was 36 ± 6 mg/dL (range, 18-46 mg/dL [0.4655-1.1896 mmol/L]). Mean LDL-C was higher in cord blood samples from 12 newborns at risk for type II hypercholesterolemia: 62 ± 16 mg/dL (range, 43-92 mg/dL [1.112-2.379 mmol/L]).

Another study of cord blood reported mean LDL-C levels of 22 ± 10 mg/dL (with an increase to 50 ± 19 mg/dL in the infant 4 days after birth).

Low LDL-C Due to Genetic Mutations

Genetic evidence has further assured the safety of very low LDL-C levels. Genetic mutations that cause abetalipoproteinemia, hypobetalipoproteinemia, and familial combined hypolipidemia are associated with reduced synthesis of chylomicrons, VLDL, and TG. Although these inherited diseases are associated with low LDL-C, the adverse effects are probably not due to low LDL-C per se, because secretion of other apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins is markedly reduced.

Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease (1 in 1,000,000 persons) that is caused by mutations in microsomal TG transfer protein (MTP). MTP facilitates the transfer of TG into the nascent apolipoprotein B particle in cells in the intestine and liver, leading to the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL. Mutations in MTP reduce the transfer of TG and, as a result, reduce the production of chylomicrons and VLDL, leading to extremely low plasma levels of TG and cholesterol (< 30 mg/dL [< 0.7758 mmol/L]) and undetectable levels of LDL-C and apolipoprotein B in plasma. Patients with abetalipoproteinemia may have hepatic steatosis (fatty liver).

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is caused by mutations in the gene for apolipoprotein B, leading to decreased synthesis of VLDL and reduced LDL-C concentrations in plasma (< 30 mg/dL [< 0.7758 mmol/L]). Patients with homozygous and heterozygous mutant alleles have increased risk for hepatic steatosis, chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, and deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins.

Familial combined hypolipidemia is characterized by loss-of-function mutations in the gene for angiopoietin-like 3, which results in reductions in LDL-C, HDL-C and TG. A pooled analysis by Minicocci and colleagues found that although some patients with familial combined hypolipidemia may develop fatty liver, the prevalence was the same as that of the control group. Moreover, this analysis found that other patients were reported to be healthy. As mentioned earlier, the presence of multiple lipid abnormalities suggests that low LDL-C alone is not responsible for adverse effects in these genetic disorders.

Mutations in PCSK9

Individuals born with nonsense mutations in PCSK9 have lifelong low LDL-C levels conferring CV benefit. Patients with mutations interfering with PCSK9 have LDL-C levels well below the usual population average. They also have a reduction in CV events beyond what would be expected from clinical trials using LDL-lowering medications. This is probably explained by the long-term cumulative reduction in LDL-C starting at birth, driving lower events compared with the shorter time windows of clinical trials.

In addition to the benefit of low LDL-C, patients with loss-of-function mutations in PCSK9 have been found to be generally free of any significant adverse effects due to lifetime lower LDL-C levels. A UK Biobank study found that loss of function mutations in PCSK9 were not associated with increased A1c or glucose, hepatobiliary adverse events, or neurocognitive dysfunction. Analysis of two loss-of-function mutations in PCSK9 in the Quebec founder population showed no effect on the prevalence or age of onset of Alzheimer's disease or on neurocognitive function.

Studies Evaluating Steroid Hormone Synthesis

Despite concern that low levels of LDL-C would diminish steroid hormone synthesis, data from randomized clinical trials have found that reduction in LDL-C by lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin and reduction of LDL-C to low levels by evolocumab and rosuvastatin are not associated with clinically important adverse effects on adrenal and gonadal hormones. Randomized trials of lovastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin did not find reductions in basal levels of cortisol or cortisol stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Furthermore, studies of simvastatin 20 mg and 40 mg and pravastatin 40 mg compared with placebo found no differences in basal or stimulated testosterone, free testosterone, luteinizing hormone, or follicle-stimulating hormone. However, in one placebo-controlled trial of atorvastatin 80 mg, bioavailable testosterone was reduced by 10%, whereas total and free testosterone were unchanged. Although the clinical significance is unclear, statins do not cause hypogonadism or erectile dysfunction. A randomized trial of simvastatin 40 mg compared with placebo found no change in the menstrual cycle in women of reproductive age.

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