Graphical Abstract
Many mechanisms may cause myocardial ischaemia other than epicardial coronary artery obstruction. CAD, coronary artery disease; CMD, coronary microvascular dysfunction.
'But there is a disorder of the breast marked with strong and peculiar symptoms, considerable for the kind of danger belonging to it, and not extremely rare, which deserves to be mentioned more at length. The seat of it and the sense of strangling and anxiety with which it is attended, may make it not improperly be called angina pectoris. Those who are afflicted with it, are seized while they are walking (more especially if it be uphill, and soon after eating) with a painful and most disagreeable sensation in the breast, which seems as if it would extinguish life if it were to increase or to continue; but the moment they stand still, all this uneasiness vanishes. In all other respects, the patients are, at the beginning of this disorder, perfectly well, and in particular have no shortness of breath, from which it is totally different. It likewise very frequently extends from the breast to the middle of the left arm'. —Heberden (1772). [1]
In 1772, 4 years after his initial description of angina pectoris, William Heberden (Figure 1) published his seminal account of this clinical disorder,
